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100
10
1.0
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.01
1.0
100
10
1000
Fracture Energy (kJ/m
2
)
Modulus, E (GPa)
hydroxyapatite
Fully dense
Bone
Collagen
Ti-6Al-4V
Cp Titanium
Steels
Co-Cr
Femoral stem replacement:
Toughness - Modulus materials selection map