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Strains in the neck now too high for simulation using the L-H equation: cavitation is probably occurring.

Work-hardened Cu: experimental

Work-hardened Cu: FEM modelled

Annealed Cu: experimental

Annealed Cu: FEM modelled

σ_VM (MPa)

ε_VM

Axis of
symmetry

σ_VM (MPa)

ε_VM

Plane of symmetry

Axis of
symmetry

Plane of symmetry

	Annealed Cu	Work-hardened Cu
σY (MPa)	3.5 475 0.47	253.7 290 0.79
K (MPa)
n (-)