Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS)

DoITPoMS Teaching & Learning Packages Raman Spectroscopy Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering
Raman Spectroscopy AimsBefore you startIntroductionRaman scatteringComparison with other types of spectroscopyRaman active modesMethod (dispersive Raman spectroscopy)Raman microspectroscopyAlternative techniquesAdvantages and disadvantagesApplicationsSummaryQuestionsGoing further
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Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering

Diagram of spectra for Stokes, anti-Stokes and Rayleigh scattering

The difference in intensity of the Stokes and anti-Stokes components is due to the different number of molecules in each state initially. The population follows the Boltzmann distribution: \(N \propto \exp \)\(\left( { - {E \over {{k_B}T}}} \right)\)

Therefore there are exponentially fewer molecules that start out in the higher energy vibrational state. Since it is these that give rise to the anti-Stokes scattering, this is much less intense.

The disparity depends on the spacing of the energy levels. So for the less widely spaced rotational levels, the Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering are of similar magnitude. For the vibrational levels, which are spaced further apart, the anti-Stokes signal is significantly weaker than the Stokes signal.

The disparity is also reduced with increased temperature, and the difference can be used as a measure of temperature.

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